List of wartime cross-dressers

Cross-dressing
History of cross-dressing
Breeches role · Breeching Travesti · In film and television In wartime · Pantomime dame
Key elements
As a transgender identity Passing · Transvestism
Modern drag culture
Ball culture · Drag Drag king · Drag pageantry Drag queen · Faux queen List of drag queens
Sexual aspects
Autoandrophilia · Autogynephilia Feminization · Pinafore eroticism Transvestic fetishism Sissy · Transgender sexuality
Sexual attraction to cross-dressers
Andromimetophilia Gynemimetophilia
Other aspects
Bacha posh · Crossplay En femme Female masking Girlfag and guydyke Gender disguise
Passing as male
Breast binding · Packing
Passing as female
Cleavage enhancement Hip and buttock padding
Organizations
Tri-Ess
Books
My Husband Betty She's Not The Man I Married

Many people have engaged in cross-dressing during wartime under various circumstances and for various motives. This has been especially true of women, whether while serving as a soldier in otherwise all-male armies, while protecting or disguising their identity in dangerous circumstances, or for other purposes. Conversely, men would dress as women to avoid being drafted, the mythological precedent for this being Achilles hiding at the court of Lycomedes dressed as a girl to avoid participation in the Trojan War.

Contents 1 Historical 1.1 Antiquity 1.2 Middle Ages 1.3 Fourteenth century 1.4 Fifteenth century 1.5 Sixteenth century 1.6 Seventeenth century 1.7 Eighteenth century 1.8 Nineteenth century 1.9 Twentieth century 1.10 Twenty-first century 2 As a major plot device in fiction 3 References

Historical

Antiquity

• Epipole of Carystus was a Greek woman reported by Chennos to have joined the Greek army in the Trojan War.
• Achilles was a Greek hero in the Trojan War. After hearing an Oracle that her son would die in battle, his mother, Thetis, hid him in woman's clothing to prevent him from being taken to war.

Middle Ages

• Hua Mulan was, according to a famous Chinese poem, a woman who joined the Chinese army in her father's stead.

Fourteenth century

• Jeanne de Clisson (1300–1359), the “Lioness of Brittany”, was a pirate who plied the English Channel for French ships from 1343 to 1356.
• Joanna of Flanders (c. 1295–1374) led the Montfortist faction in Brittany in the 1340s after the capture of her husband left her as the titular head of the family. She wore male dress at engagements such as the siege of Hennebont.
• Onorata Rodiani (1403–1452) was a semilegendary Italian mercenary.

Fifteenth century

• Jacqueline of Wittelsbach, Countess of Hainaut (1401–1436) led the Hoek faction in Holland. She and one of her servants disguised themselves as soldiers to escape confinement in Ghent.
• Joan of Arc (c. 1412–1431), the national heroine of France, led armies in male clothing during the Hundred Years' War and was accused of cross-dressing by the tribunal that sentenced her to death.

Sixteenth century

• Brita Olofsdotter, widow after soldier Nils Simonsson, serves in the Finnish troup in the Swedish cavalry in Livonia; she is killed in battle, and king John III of Sweden orders for her salary to be paid to her family.

Seventeenth century

• Catalina de Erauso (1592–1650), the Nun Lieutenant, was a semilegendary Spanish adventurer.

Eighteenth century

• Bonnie Prince Charlie (1720–1788) dressed as Flora MacDonald's maid servant, Betty Burke, to escape the Battle of Culloden for the island of Skye in 1746.
• Deborah Sampson (1760–1827) of Massachusetts was the first known American woman who disguised herself as a soldier. She served in the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War.
• Joanna Żubr (1770–1852) was a Polish soldier of the Napoleonic Wars and the first woman to receive the Virtuti Militari, the highest Polish military order.
• Hannah Snell (1723–1792) was an Englishwoman who entered military service under the name "James Gray", initially for the purpose of searching for her missing husband. She served in General Guise's regiment in the army of the Duke of Northumberland, and then in the marines.
• Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar (1688–1733) was a Swedish female soldier and crossdresser during the Great Northern War.

Nineteenth century

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Mexican dictator and general, tried to escape after his defeat at San Jacinto disguised as a woman.
• Albert D. J. Cashier (1843–1915), born Jennie Irene Hodgers, was an Irish-born woman served in the Union Army during the American Civil War as a male soldier.
• Jane Dieulafoy (1851-1916) was a French woman who, when her husband enlisted during the Franco-Prussian War, dressed as a man and fought alongside him.
• Nadezhda Durova (1783–1866) was a decorated Russian cavalry soldier of the Napoleonic Wars who spent nine years disguised as a man.
• Eleonore Prochaska (1785–1813) was a German woman soldier who fought in the Lützow Free Corps during the War of the Sixth Coalition.
• Friederike Krüger (1789–1848) was a soldier in the Prussian army.
• James Barry (surgeon) (c. 1792-1795 – 25 July 1865) was a military surgeon in the British Army who is widely believed to have been born female and named Margaret Ann Bulkley.
• Anna Lühring (1796–1866) (sometimes wrongly referred to as Anna Lührmann) was a German soldier in the Lützow Free Corps during the Napoleonic Wars.
• Mária Lebstück (1831-1892) was a Hussar officer during the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848 and 1849 under the name Károly Lebstück.
• Sarah Emma Edmonds (1841–1898) served with the Union Army in the American Civil War disguised as a man named Frank Thompson.
• Mollie Bean served with the Confederate Army in the American Civil War under the alias Melvin Bean.
• Cathay Williams (1844–1892) was a former slave who became the first recorded African-American woman in the U.S. Army.
• Loreta Janeta Velazquez a.k.a. "Lieutenant Harry Buford" (June 26, 1842- c.1897) - A Cuban woman who donned Confederate garb and served as a Confederate officer and spy during the war.^[1][2]

Twentieth century

• Ecaterina Teodoroiu (1894–1917), regarded as a heroine of Romania, fought and died in World War I. However, her biography does not note that she crossdressed in order to fight.
• Dorothy Lawrence (1896–1964) was a British reporter who served as a man in the army during World War I.
• Frieda Belinfante (1904-1995) was a prominent musician and World War II Dutch Resistance fighter who disguised herself as a man for 6 months to avoid capture by the Gestapo.
• Ehud Barak (b. 1942), the later prime minister of Israel, disguised himself as a woman to assassinate members of the Palestine Liberation Organization in Beirut during the 1973 covert mission Operation Spring of Youth.^[3]

Twenty-first century

• Abdul Aziz Ghazi is a Pakistani cleric who, having ordered his followers to fight to the death, sneaked out of the Lal Masjid dressed in a burqa.^[4]

As a major plot device in fiction

• In J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, Éowyn, the White Lady of Rohan, pretends to be a man and slips off to combat the forces of Mordor.
• In All the Queen's Men, a 2001 comedy set during WWII, cross-dressing is a central plot device.
• Terry Pratchett's novel Monstrous Regiment is a satirical look at the phenomenon.
• I was a Male War Bride is a comedy where the male French officer, played by Cary Grant, must dress like a woman to return as a war bride of his American military wife.
• One of the running gags of the TV series M*A*S*H is Klinger's attempts to get discharge from military service by crossdressing.
• In the Disney film Mulan, which is based on the story of Hua Mulan, Mulan dresses as a male to save her father from being drafted.
• In Tamora Pierce's The Song of the Lioness quartet of books, Alanna of Trebond disguises herself as a boy named Alan and goes to be trained in place of her twin brother to become a royal knight, a position only given to noble-born boys. Over the course of the four books, and others in the Tortall Universe, Alanna proceeds to fight for the kingdom as an accomplished knight both before and after the discovery of her true gender.
• Genesis Climber Mospeada was perhaps the first anime series to feature a regular crossdresser amongst the main protagonists. Yellow Belmont, a former soldier, crossdressed to avoid anti-soldier reprisals by the Imbit and others, and eventually became an accomplished pop singer. During the course of the series, Yellow would cross-dress to hold concerts, enabling his soldier comrades to procure much needed supplies for their war against the Imbit. Yellow had many fans of his music; none outside of his circle of friends realized he was a man until he revealed it to the public during the final episode of Mospeada.
• H. E. Bates's novel The Triple Echo is about a World War II army deserter who cross-dresses to avoid arrest. This was made into a film in 1972.
• Mary "Jacky" Faber does this as the titular heroine of the Bloody Jack series of novels, fighting in the Napoleonic Wars.
• Leviathan by Scott Westerfeld, a steampunk novel in which Deryn "Dylan" Sharp disguises herself so she can join the Royal Air Service.
• In Shakespeare's As You Like It, the lead character Rosalind during part of the play disguises herself as a man named Ganymede. Since all players in Shakespeare's time were male, this meant that a man played a woman disguised as a man. Though the setting of the play is not military, Ganymede's disguise is warrior-like: "A gallant curtle-axe upon my thigh, a boar-spear in my hand; and -- in my heart lie there what hidden woman's fear there will -- we'll have a swashing and a martial outside."
• In the manga and subsequent television series The Rose of Versailles, Lady Oscar François de Jarjayes acts as the head of the Versailles royal guards and the personal bodyguard of Princess, later Queen, Marie Antoinette during the years leading up to the French Revolution. What is unique about her cross-dressing is that, while Oscar wears men's clothing full time and conducts herself as a man, she is open about being female.

References

Notes